What is psychology?
Psychology is a broad field that encompasses the study of human thought, behavior, development, personality, emotion, motivation, and more. Gaining a richer and deeper understanding of psychology can help people achieve insights into their own actions as well as a better understanding of others.
Psychology Symbol
The Greek capital letter psi(Ψ) is often used to represent the word, or study of, Psychology. For example:
Ψ = Psychology,
Ψist = Psychologist.
The Greek capital letter psi(Ψ) is often used to represent the word, or study of, Psychology. For example:
Ψ = Psychology,
Ψist = Psychologist.
Who started psychology ?
Wilhelm Wundt, The father of experimental psychology.
The late 19th century marked the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. Psychology as a self-conscious field of experimental study began in 1879, when German scientist Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Leipzing Gemany.This was the first laboratory dedicated to psychology, and its opening is usually thought of as the beginning of modern psychology. Indeed, Wundt is often regarded as the father of psychology.
Wilhelm Wundt, The father of experimental psychology.
The late 19th century marked the start of psychology as a scientific enterprise. Psychology as a self-conscious field of experimental study began in 1879, when German scientist Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research in Leipzing Gemany.This was the first laboratory dedicated to psychology, and its opening is usually thought of as the beginning of modern psychology. Indeed, Wundt is often regarded as the father of psychology.
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking.
Cognitive psychologists focus upon how people attain, process and recall information.
Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking.
Cognitive psychologists focus upon how people attain, process and recall information.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.
Social psychology focuses on three main areas: social thinking, social influence, and social behaviour.
Social psychology focuses on three main areas: social thinking, social influence, and social behaviour.
PSYCHIC CONNECTION
It is true that we can often experience a psychic connection with other people even when they are not around. Particularly if they are a soulmate.
Often when we experience unexpected emotions that seem to come from nowhere. It is because we are experiencing the emotions of someone with whom we share a psychic connection.
Mental Connection
Mental connection is not mutually exclusive from physical attraction, but it is so much more. A mental connection is about shared interests, similar intellect, and chemistry.
You can communicate with your eyes, because with your mental connection, you often know what the other person is thinking or feeling.
Mental connection is not mutually exclusive from physical attraction, but it is so much more. A mental connection is about shared interests, similar intellect, and chemistry.
You can communicate with your eyes, because with your mental connection, you often know what the other person is thinking or feeling.
INTROVERT and EXTROVERT
The terms introvert and extrovert were popularized by Carl Jung in the early 20th century.
Introverts tend to enjoy more time to themselves, are very aware of their internal thoughts and recharge more in solitude. Extroverts can be just the opposite. Extroverts are often more outspoken, outgoing and absolutely love being around other people.
INTROVERT, AMBIVERT and EXTROVERT
An introvert is someone who likes to be by themselves. The opposite of introversion is extroversion. Extroverts like being with people. In between an introvert and an extrovert is an ambivert. Ambiverts like to be with people, but they also like to be by themselves.
How do introverts and extroverts respond to Dopamine?
Both introverts and extroverts have the same amount of dopamine available. The difference is in the activity of the dopamine reward network. It is more active in the brains of extroverts than in the brains of introverts
Role of Dopamine
Dopamine is known as the feel-good neurotransmitter—a chemical that ferries information between neurons. The brain releases it when we eat food that we crave or while we have sex, contributing to feelings of pleasure and satisfaction as part of the reward system.
How does the Reticular Activating System work differently in extroverts and introverts ?
The brains of introverted and extroverted people are different.
The RAS is housed in the brainstem. Its functions are essential to the alert conscious state.
The reticular activating system is tuned differently in low gainers (extroverts) versus high gainers (introverts). In general the introvert’s RAS is set higher, making them more highly aroused to begin with, so they require less stimulation than extroverts.
Why do introverts need alone time?
Introversion is a personality trait characterized by a focus on internal feelings rather than on external sources of stimulation.
They lose energy from being around people for long periods of time, particularly large crowds.
Introversion is a personality trait characterized by a focus on internal feelings rather than on external sources of stimulation.
They lose energy from being around people for long periods of time, particularly large crowds.
Why are introverts attractive people?
Introverts know what they like and don't like. They are sorted in life and are deeply connected with their values. They know what they want to get out of life and will stop at nothing. Such strong self confidence makes them even more attractive and desirable.
Introverts process everything in their surroundings and pay attention to all the sensory details in the environment, not just the people.
Introverts do talk to themselves quite often. They do simulate how their conversation is going to be with 2nd person, what topics they should talk etc. It is like a group discussion in the brain. It is good many times as it considers all other perspective and then speaks out the opinion which often is agreed.
What are the Conscious, Subconscious and Unconscious mind?
The conscious mind communicates to the outside world and the inner self through speech, pictures, writing, physical movement, and thought. The subconscious mind, on the other hand, is in charge of our recent memories, and is in continuous contact with the resources of the unconscious mind.
The Subconscious Mind
The subconscious mind is a data-bank for everything, which is not in your conscious mind. It stores your beliefs, your previous experience, your memories, your skills. Everything that you have seen, done or thought is also there.
“Whatever we plant in our subconscious mind and nourish with repetition and emotion will one day become a reality.” Earl Nightingale
RIGHT BRAIN v/s LEFT BRAIN
People are either left-brained or right-brained, meaning that one side of their brain is dominant. If you're mostly analytical and methodical in your thinking, you're said to be left-brained. If you tend to be more creative or artistic, you're thought to be right-brained.
CONCRETE THINKING v/s ABSTRACT THINKING
Concrete thinking refers to the thinking on the surface whereas abstract thinking is related to thinking in depth.
Abstract thinking is the ability to think about objects, principles, and ideas that are not physically present. It is related to symbolic thinking, which uses the substitution of a symbol for an object or idea. Abstract thinking is the ability to absorb information from our senses and make connections to the wider world.
The LOGICAL, EMOTIONAL and WISE MIND
There are three states of mind that we are all in at varying times: wise mind, logical mind, and emotional mind.
The logical mind is driven by logic, the emotional mind is driven by feelings, and wise mind is a middle-ground between the two.
People described as left-brain thinkers are told that they have strong math and logic skills. Those who are described as right-brain thinkers, on the other hand, are told that their talents are more on the creative side of things.
What are the three parts of the human personality ?
According to Sigmund Freud, the id, the ego, and the superego—work together to create complex human behaviour.
According to Sigmund Freud, human personality is complex and has more than a single component. In his famous psychoanalytic theory of personality, personality is composed of three elements.
Each component not only adds its own unique contribution to personality, but all three elements interact in ways that have a powerful influence on each individual.
According to Sigmund Freud, the id, the ego, and the superego—work together to create complex human behaviour.
According to Sigmund Freud, human personality is complex and has more than a single component. In his famous psychoanalytic theory of personality, personality is composed of three elements.
Each component not only adds its own unique contribution to personality, but all three elements interact in ways that have a powerful influence on each individual.
The id, ego and superego work together to create human behaviour. The id creates the demands, the ego adds the needs of reality, and the superego adds morality to the action which is taken.
Three Domains Of Learning
Learning is everywhere. We can learn mental skills, develop our attitudes and acquire new physical skills as we perform the activities of our daily living. These domains of learning can be categorized as cognitive domain (knowledge), psychomotor domain (skills) and affective domain (attitudes).
Brain Chemicals
Oxytocin - the release of oxytocin creates intimacy, trust, and strengthens relationships. It’s released by men and women during orgasm, and by mothers during childbirth and breastfeeding
Dopamine motivates you to take action toward your goals and gives you a surge of reinforcing pleasure when achieving them. Procrastination, self-doubt, and lack of enthusiasm are linked with low levels of dopamine.
Serotonin flows when you feel significant or important. Loneliness and depression are present when serotonin is absent. It’s why people fall into gangs and criminal activity
Norepinephrine is a naturally occurring chemical in the body that acts as both a stress hormone and neurotransmitter. It's released into the blood as a stress hormone when the brain perceives that a stressful event has occurred.
What is depression? How does it feel like?
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think and how you act.
It’s important to realize that feeling down at times is a normal part of life. Sad and upsetting events happen to everyone. But, if you’re feeling down or hopeless on a regular basis, you could be dealing with depression.
Which personality type is more prone to depression?
People high in neuroticism (very emotionally sensitive) and introverts are two personality types more likely to experience negative thoughts research finds.
In addition, being introverted is linked to spontaneously remembering more negative life events.
Together, both personality traits — neuroticism and introversion — are linked to depression and anxiety.
On the other hand, people with stable emotions who are more extroverted are at lower risk of depression and anxiety.
People high in neuroticism (very emotionally sensitive) and introverts are two personality types more likely to experience negative thoughts research finds.
In addition, being introverted is linked to spontaneously remembering more negative life events.
Together, both personality traits — neuroticism and introversion — are linked to depression and anxiety.
On the other hand, people with stable emotions who are more extroverted are at lower risk of depression and anxiety.
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, is a mental illness that brings severe high and low moods and changes in sleep, energy, thinking, and behaviour. People who have bipolar disorder can have periods in which they feel overly happy and energized and other periods of feeling very sad, hopeless, and sluggish.
There are three types of bipolar disorder. All three types involve clear changes in mood, energy, and activity levels. These moods range from periods of extremely “up,” elated, irritable, or energized behavior (known as manic episodes) to very “down,” sad, indifferent, or hopeless periods (known as depressive episodes). Less severe manic periods are known as hypomanic episodes.
There are three types of bipolar disorder. All three types involve clear changes in mood, energy, and activity levels. These moods range from periods of extremely “up,” elated, irritable, or energized behavior (known as manic episodes) to very “down,” sad, indifferent, or hopeless periods (known as depressive episodes). Less severe manic periods are known as hypomanic episodes.
The Pineal Gland (the third eye of human)
The pineal gland is also known as the third eye. And it's called the third eye because it is, quite literally, a third eye you have within your brain. The pineal gland contains light sensitive nerve endings, non-visual photoreceptors which reacts to light, a cornea and a retina.
Convergent Thinking and Divergent Thinking
The process of figuring out a concrete solution to any problem is called Convergent Thinking. Divergent thinking is the process of thinking that explores multiple possible solutions in order to generate creative ideas.
The MBTI was constructed for normal populations and emphasizes the value of naturally occurring differences.
The Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator is a self-report inventory designed to identify a person's personality type, strengths, and preferences. The questionnaire was developed by Isabel Myers and her mother Katherine Briggs based on their work with Carl Jung's theory of personality types.
Today, the MBTI inventory is one of the most widely used psychological instruments in the world.
Today, the MBTI inventory is one of the most widely used psychological instruments in the world.
Parts of INFJ (Ni-Fe-Ti-Se)
The INFJ is thought to be the rarest Myers-Briggs personality type, making up only 1-3 percent of the population. “INFJ” is an initialism that stands for Introversion (I), Intuition (N), Feeling (F), and Judgment (J), which describes the INFJ’s core characteristics
They read others well and easily “see behind the mask” that people unconsciously wear; ironically, however, INFJs may struggle to understand themselves. Their reactions and behavior sometimes confuse even their own sharp intuition.
Strengths :
The INFJ is thought to be the rarest Myers-Briggs personality type, making up only 1-3 percent of the population. “INFJ” is an initialism that stands for Introversion (I), Intuition (N), Feeling (F), and Judgment (J), which describes the INFJ’s core characteristics
They read others well and easily “see behind the mask” that people unconsciously wear; ironically, however, INFJs may struggle to understand themselves. Their reactions and behavior sometimes confuse even their own sharp intuition.
Strengths :
- Sensitive to the needs of others
- Reserved
- Highly creative and artistic
- Focused on the future
- Values close, deep relationships
- Enjoys thinking about the meaning of life
- Idealistic
- Can be overly sensitive
- Sometimes difficult to get to know
- Can have overly high expectations
- Stubborn
- Dislikes confrontation
INFJs often appear quiet, caring and sensitive, and may be found listening attentively to someone else’s ideas or concerns. They are highly perceptive about people and want to help others achieve understanding.
INFJs are well equipped to read people including their underlying motives, it's easier for them to get inside people and realise what they are going through, they are like an observer of humanity.
The Highly Sensitive INFJ. Someone who is an HSP or highly sensitive person, experiences life in a much different way. They are naturally sensitive to the world around them, whether this be through emotions or even physical stimulus.
INFJs usually struggle with an overload of sensory stimulation.
Loud noises, bright lights, large crowds, busy schedules and chaotic environments overstimulate you.
INFJs usually struggle with an overload of sensory stimulation.
Loud noises, bright lights, large crowds, busy schedules and chaotic environments overstimulate you.
As futuristic, big-picture creatives, INFJs are among the best vision casters. They enjoy dreaming up better possibilities for people and organizations.
INFJs are very rare personality types because of their uncommon traits and charactersitics. The personality types makes up 1.5 percent of the population because of their profound insight, empathy, intellectualism, and foresight.
While there are a number of different methods for measuring intelligence, the standard and most widely accepted method is by measuring a person's 'intelligence quotient' or IQ. Based on a series of tests which assess various types of abilities such a mathematical, spatial, verbal, logic and memory.
- IQ – INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT
- MA– MENTAL AGE
- CA – CHRONOLOGICAL AGE (PHYSICAL AGE)
IQ classification is the practice by IQ test publishers of labeling IQ score ranges with category names such as "superior" or "average"
Alfred Binet was a French psychologist who invented the first practical IQ test, the Binet–Simon test.
The Stanford-Binet intelligence scale is a direct descendent of the Binet-Simon scale, the first intelligence scale created in 1905 by psychologist Alfred Binet (1857–1911) and Theophilus Simon. Lewis Terman (1877–1956) published the Stanford-Binet scale initially in 1916.
Alfred Binet was a French psychologist who invented the first practical IQ test, the Binet–Simon test.
The Stanford-Binet intelligence scale is a direct descendent of the Binet-Simon scale, the first intelligence scale created in 1905 by psychologist Alfred Binet (1857–1911) and Theophilus Simon. Lewis Terman (1877–1956) published the Stanford-Binet scale initially in 1916.
EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT and INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT
EQ or say Emotional Quotient refers to a person's ability to understand his/her emotion along with the other person's emotions, whereas IQ stands for Intelligence Quotient indicates a person's intelligence level.
EQ or say Emotional Quotient refers to a person's ability to understand his/her emotion along with the other person's emotions, whereas IQ stands for Intelligence Quotient indicates a person's intelligence level.
EDUCATED PERSON V/S LITERATE PERSON
Educated person can be literate, every literate person can not be called educated. Education is a broader concepts which takes into consideration the all round development of a human personality.
CLOSED ENDED QUESTIONS and OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS
Closed-ended questions can be answered in only one word or with a short, specific piece of information while open-ended questions are those which require more thought and more than a simple one-word answer.
Analysing and Synthesising
Analyse is to subject to analysis while synthesize is to combine two or more things to produce a new, more complex product.
Analyse is to subject to analysis while synthesize is to combine two or more things to produce a new, more complex product.
Analysis is defined as the procedure by which we break down an intellectual or substantial whole into parts or components. Synthesis is defined as the opposite procedure: to combine separate elements or components in order to form a coherent whole.
Mind Map
A mind map is a diagram used to visually organize information. A mind map is hierarchical and shows relationships among pieces of the whole.
A mind map is a diagram used to visually organize information. A mind map is hierarchical and shows relationships among pieces of the whole.
What is Critical Thinking ?
Critical thinking means making reasoned judgments that are logical and well-thought out. It is a way of thinking in which you don't simply accept all arguments and conclusions you are exposed to but rather have an attitude involving questioning such arguments and conclusions.
TELEPATHY - the ability to know what is in someone else's mind, or to communicate with someone mentally, without using words or other physical signals
A divergent thinker is someone who doesn't always think in the box, they are very creative, and think of new innovative ideas.
Tokophobia is a significant fear of childbirth. It is a common reason why some women request an elective cesarean section. The fear often includes fear of injury to the baby, genital tract, or death. Treatment may occur via counselling.
Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing from within their frame of reference, that is, the capacity to place oneself in another's position. Types of empathy include cognitive empathy, emotional empathy, and somatic empathy.
Three types of empathy :
Congnitive Empathy
Cognition is thinking or knowing. It is the process of evaluating a situation and knowing what another person is going through because you can grasp the situation via your own knowledge. This is a form of empathy because it is projecting what you know about a similar type of situation and acknowledging to the other person that you understand their experience because you have, as an example, been through something similar.
Emotional Emapthy
emotional empathy, includes not only knowledge about what is happening to someone else, but being able to feel what they feel.
Somatic Emapthy
Somatic empathy, is to feel in your body what another may be experiencing at physical level.
Three types of empathy :
Congnitive Empathy
Cognition is thinking or knowing. It is the process of evaluating a situation and knowing what another person is going through because you can grasp the situation via your own knowledge. This is a form of empathy because it is projecting what you know about a similar type of situation and acknowledging to the other person that you understand their experience because you have, as an example, been through something similar.
Emotional Emapthy
emotional empathy, includes not only knowledge about what is happening to someone else, but being able to feel what they feel.
Somatic Emapthy
Somatic empathy, is to feel in your body what another may be experiencing at physical level.
The five levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs :
Abraham Maslow is well renowned for proposing the Hierarchy of Needs Theory in 1943. This theory is a classical depiction of human motivation. This theory is based on the assumption that there is a hierarchy of five needs within each individual.
Maslow's hierarchy is most often displayed as a pyramid. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the most complex needs are at the top of the pyramid.
Needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth. Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs, which are for safety and security.
As people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need for love, friendship, and intimacy becomes important. Further up the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority.
Abraham Maslow is well renowned for proposing the Hierarchy of Needs Theory in 1943. This theory is a classical depiction of human motivation. This theory is based on the assumption that there is a hierarchy of five needs within each individual.
Maslow's hierarchy is most often displayed as a pyramid. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the most complex needs are at the top of the pyramid.
Needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth. Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs, which are for safety and security.
As people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need for love, friendship, and intimacy becomes important. Further up the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority.
Dyslexia is a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding). Also called reading disability, dyslexia affects areas of the brain that process language.
It takes a lot of time for a person with dyslexia to sound out a word.
Dyslexia is regarded as a neurobiological condition. It is genetic in origin. This means that individuals can inherit this condition from a parent.
So if your child has dyslexia, there’s a chance you or another relative may have it too.
It takes a lot of time for a person with dyslexia to sound out a word.
Dyslexia is regarded as a neurobiological condition. It is genetic in origin. This means that individuals can inherit this condition from a parent.
So if your child has dyslexia, there’s a chance you or another relative may have it too.
Dyscalculia is a math learning disability that impairs an individual's ability to represent and process numerical magnitude in a typical way. Dyscalculia is sometimes called “number dyslexia” or “math dyslexia.” Common symptoms of dyscalculia include: difficulty with number sense. difficulty with fact and calculation.
Dysgraphia
If your child's handwriting is consistently distorted or unclear, that may be caused by a learning disability called dysgraphia.
This is a nervous system problem that affects the fine motor skills needed to write. It makes it hard for a child to do handwriting tasks and assignments.
SYMPTOMS :
Kids with dysgraphia have unclear, irregular, or inconsistent handwriting, often with different slants, shapes, upper- and lower-case letters, and cursive and print styles. They also tend to write or copy things slowly.
If your child's handwriting is consistently distorted or unclear, that may be caused by a learning disability called dysgraphia.
This is a nervous system problem that affects the fine motor skills needed to write. It makes it hard for a child to do handwriting tasks and assignments.
SYMPTOMS :
Kids with dysgraphia have unclear, irregular, or inconsistent handwriting, often with different slants, shapes, upper- and lower-case letters, and cursive and print styles. They also tend to write or copy things slowly.
Dyspraxia affects hand-eye co-ordination, special awareness, fine and gross motor skills, processing information and some people can struggle with sensory overload.
Dysthymia tends to ruin your self-esteem. Take good care of yourself by eating well, getting enough restful sleep, and resisting destructive behaviours.
Artificial intelligence (AI), also known as machine intelligence, is a branch of computer science that aims to imbue software with the ability to analyze its environment using either predetermined rules and search algorithms, or pattern recognizing machine learning models, and then make decisions based on those analyses.
Example:
'Alexa,' can be queried about the weather, stream news and music on demand and serves as a robotic assistant that responds to voice commands to control home lighting and much more.
Alexa is seemingly everywhere. 'She' is the artificial intelligence (AI) that lives with us.
Example:
'Alexa,' can be queried about the weather, stream news and music on demand and serves as a robotic assistant that responds to voice commands to control home lighting and much more.
Alexa is seemingly everywhere. 'She' is the artificial intelligence (AI) that lives with us.
The third eye(Pineal gland) refers to the gate that leads to the inner realms and spaces of higher consciousness. In New Age spirituality, the third eye often symbolizes a state of enlightenment or the evocation of mental images having deeply personal spiritual or psychological significance.